国际货币与金融经济学

1. 国际货币与金融经济学

Globalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy. Globalization has two main components: the globalization of markets and the globalization of production. In other words, it involves increased integration of product and resource markets, such as the international trade, the people immigration, and international investment


The Mercantilists’ Views on Trade
The more gold and silver a nation had, the richer and more powerful it was.
Thus the way for a nation to become rich is to export more than it imported
The resulting export surplus would then be settled by an inflow of bullion or precious metals such as gold and silver. 
Thus the mercantilists advocated restrictions on imports and incentives for exports.
X > M        T gold inflow, but also few goods and poor consumers
Gold inflow T inflation (more money chasing fewer goods)
Inflation T fewer exports (foreigners search for better bargains), and more imports (nationals search for better bargains abroad.
A nation will import those goods in which it has an absolute cost disadvantage; it will export those goods in which it has an absolute cost advantage.

The less efficient nation should specialize in the production and export the good in which its absolute disadvantage is smaller (this is the commodity of its comparative advantage) and import the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is greater (this is the commodity of its comparative disadvantage). 
Opportunity cost: the value of the next best alternative foregone as the result of making a decision.
The production possibility frontier: (or transformation curve) is a curve that shows the alternative combinations of the two goods that a nation can produce by fully utilizing all of its resources with the best technology available to it. 
indifference curves, which show the various combinations of two goods that give a consumer the same total level of satisfaction 

demonstrating the h-o theorem
the nation differ in that one is relatively labor abundant while the other is relatively capital abundant.
1. a nation will export the commodity whose production requires the intensive use of the nation's relatively abundant factor and import the commodity whose requires the intensive use of the nation's relatively scarce factor.
2.test method:calculated the amount of labor and capital in a representative bundle's of 1 million dollar worth of U.S. exports and import substitutes for the year 1947.
3.result:U.S.import substitutes were more K-intensive than U.S.exports.
this is called the Leontief paradox.

TATIFF:is a tax levied on products as they move between nations.
Specific tariff:fixed monetary fee per unit of the product.
advalorem tariff:levied as a percentage of the value of the product(much like sales tax).
Compound tariff:a combination of the above,often levied on finished goods whose components are also subject to tariff if imported separately.
The Formula:e=(n-ab)\(1-a)
e:the rate of effective protection to producers of the final commodity.
n:the nominal tariff rate on consumers of the final commodity.
a:the ratio of the cost of the imported input to the price of the final commodity in the absence of tariffs
b:the nominal tariff rate on the imported input 

quotas are a restriction on the quantity of a good that may be imported in any one period.
(1).effective of an increase in domestic demand
tariff:an increase in demand will leave the domestic price and domestic production unchanged but will result in higher consumption and imports than with an equivalent import quota.
quota:an increase in demand will result in a higher domestic price and greater domestic production than with an equivalent import tariff.
(2)revenue effect
tariff:the government will receive tax revenue/
quota:firms that receive import licenses
3.trade effect
tariff:the trade effect may be uncertain
quota:the trade effect is uncertain.it limits imports to the specified level with certainty.
reason:the shape or elasticity of Dx and Sx is often not known,making it difficult to estimate the import tariff required to restrict imports to desired level.
UR was to change import quotas into tariffs.
4.monopoly and government decesion
lobbying and bribing
seed of corruption
The tariff-rate quota is a two-tiered tariff

impact of an appreciating us dollar
pros:lower prices on foreign goods,keeps inflation down,foreign travel is cheaper
cons:exporters' products become more expensive abroad,imports-competing firms face price competition,travel more expensive for foreign tourists.

impact of a depreciating us dollar
pros:exporter can sell abroad more easily,less competition for US firms from imports,foreign tourism is encouraged
cons:higher prices on imports,upward pressure on inflation,travel abroad more expensive

2. 货币金融学和货币经济学的区别

货币金融学主要讲货币资金与金融市场的供求关系，但不包括实体经济。包括银行等金融机构和证券、期货、融资等，并引导我们理解货币政策与财政政策。货币经济学是一门以货币有关的宏观经济现象为研究对象的科学，阐述了货币的运作对经济发展的影响，阐述了货币、商品和价格之间的关系。二者的对象不同……

3. 经济学和金融学的区别

经济学和金融学都是研究经济现象，但是经济学会比较全面的研究社会中存在的经济现象，而金融学只是研究金融这一个领域的经济现象。所以经济学和金融学最大的区别是研究对象的不同。

4. 货币经济学与金融经济学

货币经济学侧重于对货币一般等价物的特性，其中关于货币符号，信用货币的研究，对宏观经济的影响的研究比较深入。

金融经济学主要侧重于资本融通，资本流动，不仅局限于货币或货币符号。

两个专业有交集，但不是包含关系

5. 宏观经济学和货币金融学有什么联系

因为宏观经济学和货币金融学不是两个对立的平等的概念。
宏观经济学对应的是微观经济学，货币金融学，主要阐述金融学领域关于货币供给的问题

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7. 货币金融学与微观宏观经济学的逻辑关系

不可以做这样的区分，因为宏观经济学和货币金融学不是两个对立的平等的概念。宏观经济学对应的是微观经济学，货币金融学，主要阐述金融学领域关于货币供给的问题，金融学还包括其他的东西，比如筹融资问题等，而筹融资问题不包含在货币金融学里。
通货膨胀问题，在宏观经济学里有涉及，在货币金融学里也有涉及。因为通货膨胀问题属于宏观经济研究的内容，同时也是货币金融学中，货币供给的内容。

8. 国际金融学和货币银行学分别侧重宏观经济学or微观经济学

货币银行学侧重宏观经济
货币银行学（金融学）是一门研究金融领域各要素及其基本关系与运行规律的经济科学。现代社会的一切经济活动都要借助货币信用形式来完成，一切经济政策和调控措施也都要通过货币金融手段来发挥作用。在这种经济社会里，货币、信用、金融机构、金融市场、金融总量、金融调控与监管、国际金融、金融稳定与发展等金融学所包括的基本范畴具有极端的重要性，金融学就是专门研究这些范畴的学科。因此，只有通过学习金融学，才能掌握、理解和分析研究这些重要的金融范畴。
国际金融学同样侧重于宏观经济
国际金融学是金融学研究领域的一个重要的分支。国际金融学是从货币金融角度研究开放经济下内外均衡同时实现问题的一门独立学科。即国际金融学本质上是开放经济的货币宏观经济学，主要关心在一个资金广泛流动和灵活多变的汇率制度环境下，同时实现内外均衡的条件和方法。国际金融学，研究的对象是国际货币金融关系，包括国际货币流通与国际资金融通两个方面，其目标是阐述国际金融关系发展的历史与现状，揭示国际货币流通与国际资金融通的基本规律。